Substance Abuse And Its Effects - 1707 Words

According to Dictionary.com, substance abuse is defined as a â€Å"long-term, pathological use of alcohol or drugs, characterized by daily intoxication, inability to reduce consumption, and impairment in social or occupational functioning; broadly, alcohol or drug addiction (dictionary.com).† Substance use can include anything from alcohol to any variety of drugs, prescription or illicit. Responsible alcohol use is considered being no more than 3 drinks for a woman and no more than 5 for a man in a single setting. Proper prescription medication use means only using the medication as it is recommended, or prescribed, by a doctor. Any other use of the medication falls under substance abuse and can put a person on the substance use disorder†¦show more content†¦This same perspective was the one that set the precedence for drug abuse prevention programs and for the rehab facilities. The treatment modalities tended to be designed with an emphasis on the needs of the male clientele with the female clientele being pushed through a one size fits all style treatment. This started to change in the 1980’s after the second wave of the women’s movement occurred. Women began to question science’s conclusions that pointed to a male oriented bias in research, hypothesis and design (Anderson, p 286). Once questioned and pushed, researchers of substance use began using what is known as the â€Å"gender lens† approach. The gender lens tool was created by Dr. Anna Day at the University of Toronto. She believed that all areas of health and health care are influenced by gender. The idea was based on the belief of how glasses correct our vision, so could a metaphorical â€Å"gender lens† correct our view on gender, allowing attention to be focused on specific fender differences and needs of medical care that do require more research. It was an approach that looked at both genders separately and compared their different ou tcomes based on the specified genders, not based on the total usage (Van Koughnett, The Gender Lens). The treatment modality for substance abuse used to be a one size fits all treatment that was geared toward the male population. Dr. Tammy AndersonShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Its Effects1575 Words   |  7 PagesSUBSTANCE ABUSE Researchers state that almost half of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in the United States also self-medicate with alcohol and other drugs (Elements Behavioral Health, 2014). This is suggested due to individuals attempting to lessen the symptoms of their disorder. As discussed previously symptoms can include hearing and seeing things that others don’t hear or see, problems falling asleep or staying asleep and problems with concentration and memory. In an effort to lessenRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse1111 Words   |  5 PagesOpiate abuse in the United States is an epidemic. It is argued whether addiction is being handled correctly, and if the amount of resources for combating addiction should be increased. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"The number of past-year heroin users in the United States nearly doubled between 2005 and 2012, from 380,000 to 670,000† (2014). This nation-wide increase of heroin abusers leads to another i ssue: how to treat them. One method of treatment is giving them another medicationRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesSubstance abuse has long been a major problem in our society, with estimations reaching as high as 250 million people worldwide that have used the illicit drug at least once in 2014, and causing more than two hundred thousand drug-related deaths each year (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016; hereafter UNODC). However, it is not just forbidden substances that are a major cause of harms to individuals but also commonly used recreational drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco products that accountRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects On Society1285 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse has existed since the start of civilization and it is an ever present entity in the modern era as well. Distilled beverages were the main drinking source in many cases even safer to drink than water in early civilizations, for instance durin g the Middle Ages. Many substances were also used in medicine derived from certain plants for anesthetics such as opioids from poppy seeds. In addition, nicotine and tobacco products and other hallucinogenic substances were used for recreationalRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well. Substance abuse is defined as being dependentRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1443 Words   |  6 Pagessubstance it can lead to impairment or distress in many different ways such as, â€Å" recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home, recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, recurrent substance-related legal problems, continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance† (Susic, 2007). According to the Foster CareRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects On Society Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s silent killer, substance abuse. Substance abuse affects the user and everyone that they are around and most of the time the user doesn’t even realize nor care that it affects other people because they are consumed by the substances. These substances have the power to dramatically change people’s lives, such as the physical toll it takes on our body, the ways in which it corrupts our metal process, and the detrimental effects it has on our social lives. Most substances that are used in our societyRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On The Community844 Words   |  4 Pageseven some adults tend to try and find a short term fix to a long term problem. leading many students to substance use. Many of them use drugs and alcohol to help distance themselves from the stress they are faced with. A community with a large number of substance abusers is almost guaranteed to come with more violence, theft, and even gang activity compared to a community where substance abuse is low. Having students stay away from drugs will greatly lower the violence and theft in the communityRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effect On Education1348 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and its Effect on Education Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that affects almost every community and family in some way. Each year drug abuse causes millions of serious illnesses or injuries among Americans. A study done in John Hopkins University School of Medicine, found that individuals who are unemployed have higher rates of substance abuse than those who are regularly employed. Five hundred and fifty nine participants, who were unemployed, at least eighteen yearsRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Adolescents1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthis time, there can be a lot of room for error or misjudgements. One very common bad decision is substance use and abuse. Although drug and alcohol use is common and many users don’t develop a dependence on the substances, the adolescents who end up developing the disorders of substance abuse and dependence make substance use a major public health concern (Sanchez-Samper, Knight, p. 83). Substance abuse can lead to many developmental problems in ad olescents. Problems experienced by adolescents who

Social Phenomena Essay - 1118 Words

Over time, three main theories have developed to explain social phenomena. While each theory has significant differences, there are points of each one that can help shed light on how society works. While some theories attempt to explain our social reality based on how each part of a society works together, other theories focus on the conflicts in the society, or the interaction between individuals in a society (Kendall, 23). The three classic theories of sociology include the functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, and symbolic interactionist perspective. The functionalist perspective aims to explain sociological phenomena based on the belief that our society is a balanced system that depends on each part of the group to work†¦show more content†¦It defines society based on the interactions of each part of the group, which is somewhat similar to the functionalist perspective that states that each part of the group serves a function in society. However, it differs as it views each part of society as continually changing, while the functionalist perspective states that society is an orderly system with each part sharing beliefs and functions that form the society as a whole. To explain our social reality as it is today, I do not think we can focus on one single perspective of sociology. If we look at the functionalist perspective when it comes to men and women, we can take into account the views of Talcott Parsons. He suggested that men and women need to take different roles or functions in the family to keep things stable. He believed men should focus on making money and being a leader, while women are better for domestic and emotional roles in the family. (Kendall, 23). This concept has changed in the United Sates, but it does play a role in the society of many other countries and some cultures in the U.S. The functionalist perspective believes that cooperation between all parts of a society is crucial to the society remaining stable; however, it does not fully explain all of the problems that may occur regarding issues such as gender roles (Kendall, 93). Even though many people are changing their views on men and women, men areShow MoreRelatedAdvancem ent- Social Phenomena838 Words   |  3 Pages### Incomplete Essay### Advancement is the social phenomena clarified by sociologists as the plans and styles of post universal social order. At first the development might be depicted as a dismissal of custom, and an inclination to face issues from a crisp point of view dependent upon current plans and techniques.as of later times innovation has spoken to contemporary thinking and contemporary methods for doing things (Jimmy Wales, 13/10/2004). Post innovation however was the scrutinize of innovationRead MoreReligion Between Social And Cultural Phenomena1249 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition. For this reason, I will argue that religion is anything that an individual can identify with and that produces a particular way of life. I will also establish that there are very few points that differentiates religion between social and cultural phenomena, this will be done by first setting the foundation of what a religion must contain, In order for a religion to be considered such, there must be a foundation of which principles stand on. As with examining the way in which to studyRead MoreViolent Crime Is An Important Public Health And Social Behavioral Phenomena977 Words   |  4 PagesViolent crime is an important public health and social behavioral phenomena. Violent crime is referred to as offenses that include force or threat of force. Although many different offenses could fit under this classification, the National Crime Victimization Survey defines nonlethal violence, the current study’s focus, as being comprised of four main offenses -, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault, and forcible rape (National Crime Victimization Survey [NCVS], 2012). Violent victimizationRead MoreModule Code : Questions On Law, Coercion, And Morality, As Types Of Social Phenomena2894 Words   |  12 Pagesunderstanding of the resemblances and differences between law, coercion, and morality, as types of social phenomena’. Discuss critically the extent to which Hart realized this goal. Word count: 2819 HLA Hart (hereafter Hart) in his preface, modestly describes the aim of his book is too elegantly, and clearly explained further the understanding of law, coercion and morality as different but related social phenomena. The main strand of The Concept of Law downplayed the elements of coercion, command andRead MoreMemory Is A Social Phenomenon1973 Words   |  8 Pagesin the repetition of ancestral which have been displaced under the pressure of a fundamentally historical sensibility. Memory is a social phenomena. It has become the subject of controversies among observers and analysts. The notion of ‘memory’ when it is defined, can be either understood as internal or inward memory and external memory, or personal memory or social memory(Halbwach 1950, 52). Narratives about the past by nations and states are not something new. When we reflect upon them , we â€Å"Read MoreThe Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe sociologist is interested in understanding the self, other, and social environment, questioning and searching for an interpretation of the common, everyday, and taken for granted. In order to do this, the sociologist needs to apply some form of research and method, however the most successful direction for doing so has been long disputed. Although sociological method has been subject to many different styles and approaches, being constantly updated with new ideas and concepts, this e ssay willRead MorePositivism Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesPositivism Positivism is a scientific approach to sociology (the science of society As Keat and Urry (social theory as science, 1975) note: Positivism is concerned only with observable phenomena. It involves establishing law-like relations between them through the careful accumulation of factual knowledge. This occurs by means of observation, experimentation, comparison and prediction. The terms sociology and positive philosophy (positivism) were both Read MoreThe Rise Of Natural Science1425 Words   |  6 PagesNatural science has been historically recognised as one of the factors affecting the development of social science; particularly, during the period of the Enlightenment, natural science had been one of the factors to improve human life (Turner, 2001: 30). The Enlightenment is to help humans emerge from immaturity and this aim finds expression in Kant’s motto â€Å"Dare to know† (Kant, 1784). During the period of the Enlightenment, due to the remarkable scientific advancement, traditional religion-basedRead MoreDifference Between Natural And Social Sciences Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesterms natural and social do not come to mind. However, one would assume there is no difference between social and natural science, if it is not acknowledged as one or the other to begin with. Is one science more inferior to the other science? Michael Scriven, Brian Fay, J. Donald Moon and Fritz Machlup are just a few indivi duals who have primarily discussed the distinction between natural and social sciences. These discussions led to the question of whether or not natural and social sciences could beRead MorePsychological Phenomena And Its Effects On The Perception Of Psychology Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pageswhen added to explanations of psychological phenomena. This effect of interfering with people’s ability to identify logical explanations from illogical ones does not seem to work when information from other sciences is added. We test this hypothesis by giving 340 undergraduate introductory psychology students some explanations of psychological phenomena that were from each of the 6 conditions, using a 2 (Quality: Good, Bad) by 3 (Neuroscience, Social Science, Hard Science) design. Participants

Castration Solution to Abandoned Babies Free Essays

CASTRATION SOLUTION TO ABANDONED BABIES KUALA LUMPUR: Men who do not want to take responsibility after having made girls pregnant out of wedlock should be castrated. Venting his anger and frustration over the rising number of abandoned babies, Senator Ahmad Husin said only this could teach men to be more responsible in their actions. â€Å"In cases like these, those involved always disappear without a trace. We will write a custom essay sample on Castration Solution to Abandoned Babies or any similar topic only for you Order Now We should just castrate them,† he said after asking a supplementary question to Women, Family and Community Development Minister, Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, on cases of abandoned babies yesterday. Shahrizat said although the suggestion was radical yet creative and innovative, studies had to be done first as not all men were irresponsible. â€Å"Besides, we are not living in the past. We need to tackle the problem the 21st-century way, beginning from a strong family institution and awareness programmes,† she told the house. Shahrizat said most cases of abandoned babies were due to weak family institution and where the responsibility of bringing up a child was left to other parties. â€Å"Parents are all too busy to pay attention to their children. The family institution has become individualistic where parents `franchise’ their kids for other quarters to bring them up. † Earlier, to a question by Senator Empiang Jabu, Shahrizat said four strategies – advocacy, prevention, support and research – would be used to tackle related issues. She said the ministry provided counselling and interactive workshops to give the public, especially young girls, deeper understanding on intimate relationships and its consequences. | New Straits Times, Apr 30, 2010 | by Ili Liyana Mokhtar How to cite Castration Solution to Abandoned Babies, Papers

The Re-Emergence of Black Lung Disease-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Causes for the Reemergence of Black lung Disease among Coal Mining Workers. Answer: Introduction This essay discusses the possible causes for the reemergence of black lung disease among coal mining workers. It draws theory from different authors such as Quinlan and Hopkins to grasp a better understanding of the subject. Recent studies have shown that the rate of black lung disease after a long period of decline has started to resurface among coal mining workers. Black lung disease also referred to as chronic lung disease is a form of pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust or inhaling components of carbon like Graphite for an extended period (McIvor and Johnston 2016). Although there are different possible causes for the reemergence of black lung disease, safety measures when compiled together can prevent the disease from reoccurring. Causes for the Re-Emergence of Black Lung Disease According to Quinlan (2014), data from the Health Resources and Service Administration has shown that the overall rate of black lung disease is much higher in places near coal mining areas. The numbers are high for the disease severity stages and attain statistical significance for the cases at the first stage and black lung disease combined in the stages. Finding also shows that black lung clinics are situated in regions of high recognized need, where mining is prevalent and risks of the disease are high (Laney et al., 2010). Although researchers have not yet explained causes for the resurgence of black lung, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) had listed some of the possible factors for the re- emergence of the same (CDC, 2012). For example, longer working shifts. As per the centre for public integrity, miners are now working more than ten hours a week hence putting their life at risk. This implies that the more you work, the higher chances you expose yourself to the dust and the fewer chances of recovery when contracts the disease. Finkelman et al., (2002) holds that coal workers are taking advantage of working overtime hours to earn more compared to the regular pay, yet they do not understand that they expose themselves to a chronic respiratory disease that is difficult to treat. Prolonged exposure to tiny dust particulates and silica is another possible factor that could have led to the re-emergence of black lung diseases (Hendryx and Ahern, 2008). Due to thirst for new coal sources, a vast number of mining companies are mining shallow as well as thinner coal seams which are covered by much rock. Unfortunately, dust from these rocks penetrates into the worker's lungs. Moreover, powerful and modern mining equipment creates finer particulates which are very dangerous when inhaled as Petsonk et al., (2013) holds. Outright cheating is another factor where a vast number of mining companies have falsified their air quality test results. Failing a test means a down time for the company until a point when the level of coal dust reaches much safer levels. The downtime implies a massive loss for the company which is the same as falsifying medical records plus time sheets (Rason, 2000). Missed opportunities by the mining workers to go for screening can be another contributing factor to the prevalence of black lungs among coal workers. According to Suatharna et al., (2007) this happens when an operator fails to allocate time to go for early treatment hence living with the condition. Ideally, mining workers should take action to reduce dust exposure and prevent the number of deaths as a result of black lung diseases. Poor disease prevention strategies to allow shifts in the mining sector brought by the scarcity of richer coal reserves is another possible factor that could have led to the prevalence of coal disease among the mining workers. An example of these shifts includes thin-seam mining by cutting the adjacent silica containing rock (Quinlan et al., 2010). Also, there has not been a clear solution on how black lung can be prevented. Majority of the victims of black lung are trying to bind the issue as well as understand how critical the disease is. However, working to solve some of the mysteries behind the disease can be the starting point to coming up with the solutions to black lung disease. Quinlan Approach to Explaining Death and Disasters As Quinlan (2014) postulates, creating productive bonuses in higher risk activities does not correlate to the maintenance of safety of the highest level. However, the mining sector is strongly embedded to such schemes. Quinlan further argues that sticking to unsafe practices detracts from some of the significant safety deficiencies at the mining areas such as the type of ventilation, the mining techniques employed as well as the failure to provide second egress from the mines. As noted in his book Ten pathways to death and disaster Quinlan holds that there are pattern causes that reoccur in mining disasters due to failures and flaws in the work stations. Although black lung is a prevalent disaster experienced by coal workers in the coal mining sector, we can use Quinlan theory to explain the reoccurrence of death and disasters in the mining work places. In his book, Quinlan asks critical questions about death and mining. Some of the questions include; what lessons can be learnt from mining deaths and disasters and what conclusion do the mine workers draw from these events? And are the key causes of disasters in the mining areas much different from those caused by two or more fatalities? To answer these questions Quinlan analyses fatal incidents as well as mine disasters in five different developed nations since 1992. The analysis finds that there is a leading pattern that causes recur in the events. Some of the possible causes identified are explained below. Failure to observe warning signs; Quinlan holds that the point of concern for those who design and implement the OHS management is the inability to learn from previous mistakes where poor auditing systems, routine risks as well as the preoccupation with personal safety have led to the failure of the OHS management systems. Poor risk assessment; ability of workers to risk access the next work environment is vital but not a replacement for the safer system of the work or comprehensive evaluation at the organization levels. Failure in regulatory oversight is another flaw addressed by Quinlan. The regulatory failures in the work place may include inadequacies or omissions in the safety legislation, complex work arrangements and logistic constraints. In chapter four of the book, Quinlan investigates whether the patterns discussed in the previous section apply to fatal accident in other different workplaces. He extends his analysis to find whether similar patterns could be sought in other industries other than mining and then concludes that enough proof exists suggesting a call for recognition. The pattern deficiencies are not only found in the mining sector, but can also be sought in different workplace disaster areas such as oil rig explosions, shipping disasters, and aircraft crashes among others (Quinlan et al., 2010). Still, the examination gives no proof for other explanations of mine safety especially that focus on complex technology, behavior and culture. It is also explained in the write up why repeating causes are resistant to intervention by the government and also gives the cases where lessons have been drawn. At the conclusion of his book, Quinlan (2014) postulates that safety practices in the work places and mine areas are not as a result of culture within that work area as much as the result of risk taking and poor supervision that was allowed by the management and others affects the production pressure as well as incentives. Hopkins Approach to Explaining the Organizational Causes of Disasters In another book, The organizational causes of disasters, the author Hopkins (2007) argues that safety in the work area is an element of great significance to the business managers and the OHS in a work place. Although the matters of culture, safety and risk are of great importance, they are not adequately understood. The author focuses on the issues mentioned above in an informative manner that will inform organizations and companies as well as help them create a better environment for the clients and employers as well as to prevent risk. The first three sections of the book call for development of risk awareness where one part entails a discussion of the organizational culture, the second part analysis of how organization culture impacts safety and part three a case study of how safety and organizational culture played each other. The Best Approach to Explaining Death and Disaster Quinlan theory is the best suited approach in explaining death and disaster in this write-up. The author identifies the possible causes he sees as recurring in the mining as well as other workplace disaster areas across five most developed nations. Most interestingly, the author hardly finds any proof to support miners behavior as a leading cause of such disasters. Quinlan is much well put to respond on these matters. He was engaged in labor department in New Zealand to prepare reports on mine safety among miners in the event of pike river coal mine explosion that killed over 20 miners in New Zealand. Moreover, he was appointed to investigate the fatal rock fall as well as entrapment of the coal miners in Tasmania. Most interestingly, he featured in 2010 by work standards Tasmania to audit the Tasmania miners inspectorate. Therefore, Quinlan theory is the best-suited approach that can be used in this essay to explain death and disasters in the workplace places like mining areas. Conclusion As witnessed in the excerpt above, coal workers pneumoconiosis or black lung is a chronic disease caused by long exposure to coal dust. Although the disease had vanished many years ago, it has recently resurfaced in most parts of the world among coal mining workers. No actual research has yet been done to examine the possible causes for the resurgence, but it is evident that prolonged exposure to coal dust is one of the contributing factors to the diseases. Following the resurgence of the disease in the recent past, those working in the coal mining industries should be screened first to determine whether they have contracted the disease and those already victims seek treatment. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012. Pneumoconiosis and advanced occupational lung disease among surface coal miners--16 states, 2010-2011. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(23), p.431. Finkelman, R.B., Orem, W., Castranova, V., Tatu, C.A., Belkin, H.E., Zheng, B., Lerch, H.E., Maharaj, S.V. and Bates, A.L., 2002. Health impacts of coal and coal use: possible solutions. International Journal of Coal Geology, 50(1), pp.425-443. Hendryx, M. and Ahern, M.M., 2008. Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia. American journal of public health, 98(4), pp.669-671. Hopkins, B., 2007. Safety, Culture and Risk. The Organisational Causes of Disasters. Health Sociology Review, 16(3-4), pp.344-346 Laney, A.S., Petsonk, E.L. and Attfield, M.D., 2010. Pneumoconiosis among underground bituminous coal miners in the United States: is silicosis becoming more frequent?. Occupational and environmental medicine, 67(10), pp.652-656. McIvor, A. and Johnston, R., 2016. Miners' lung: a history of dust disease in British coal mining. Routledge. Petsonk, E.L., Rose, C. and Cohen, R., 2013. Coal mine dust lung disease. New lessons from an old exposure. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 187(11), pp.1178-1185. Quinlan, M., 2014. Ten pathways to death and disaster: learning from fatal incidents in mines and other high hazard workplaces. Sydney: Federation Press. Quinlan, M., Bohle, P. and Lamm, F., 2010. Managing occupational health and safety. Palgrave Macmillan. Reason, J., 2000. Human error: models and management. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 320(7237), p.768. Robson, L.S., Clarke, J.A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C., Bigelow, P.L., Irvin, E., Culyer, A. and Mahood, Q., 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science, 45(3), pp.329-353. Suarthana, E., Laney, A.S., Storey, E., Hale, J.M. and Attfield, M.D., 2011. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis in the United States: regional differences 40 years after implementation of the 1969 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Occupational and environmental medicine, pp.oem-2010.

Dystopian Social Contract

The Battle against Chaos and Challenging Inequities

The Battle against Chaos and Challenging Inequities Alan Sears and James Cairns in their book A Good Book, in Theory: Making Sense through Inquiry present the most influential theories of the social development and changes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle against Chaos and Challenging Inequities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The battle against chaos as the main function of the societal regulation as it is outlined in the social order model and challenging inequities as the driving force for the social transformation as it is outlined in the conflict theory explain the main underlying processes of the societal development from different theoretical perspectives. According to the social order perspective, the main function of the society rules is preventing the treat of chaos and savagery in the community. The battle against chaos can be defined as the society control over its members intended to protect them from their inherently brutal selves through soc ializing them. It is assumed that were it not for the society regulations, every individual would act according to his/her narrow self-interests disregarding the interests of the others (Sears and Cairns 17). An interesting example of the community degradation due to the lack of social order can be found in the book Lord of Flies by Golding in which a group of children left on a desert island do not manage to preserve their civilization and finally go wild. Thus, the plot of this book illustrates the idea that the social order can be regarded as the product of the societal control which is significant for preventing the chaos and bloodshed characteristic of the primitive tribes lacking these regulations. Another assumption which can be driven from the central idea of the battle against the chaos as the primary function of the social order is that a strong set of common values is required for preserving the society order.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As compared to the external policies, the self-control and the established habit of regulating oneself are more effective for preventing the degradation to the level of the self-serving brutality.  In that regard, the social stratification can threaten the appropriate societal order because the individuals who have less power will consider the order as unjust and would not share the common values. Then, the pluralism of the political processes and the negotiations between the competing interest groups when solving certain significant problems is significant for maintaining the social order. For this reason Sears and Cairns develop the idea that a long-term modernization and constant social changes are important for eliminating unjust social practices, preserving social order and ensuring the country’s progress and prosperity. In contrast to the social order perspective viewing the pres ervation of the social order as the necessary battle against the possible chaos, the conflict model emphasizes the role of modern society in creating the inequalities which are put into its basis. The challenging inequities are viewed as the struggle between the disadvantages groups and those who occupy the power positions which results in the conflict of interests and is followed by social changes (Sears and Cairns 20). The examples of labor unions intended to protect the rights of the employees and feminist movement struggling for the equal pay and rights of women can illustrate the conflict perspective upon the role of society control in the social processes and changes. The central assumption of the conflict model is that the modern society is based upon challenging inequalities which can be regarded as the driving forces of the social changes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle against Chaos and Challenging Inequities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In general, it can be concluded that the concept of the battle against the chaos was used by Sears and Cairns for explaining the role of societal regulations from the social order perspective, whereas the concept of challenging inequities was intended to illustrate the main driving force of the social change according to the conflict model of society development. Sears, Alan and James Cairns. A Good Book, in Theory: Making Sense through Inquiry. North York: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2010. Print.

Should Animals Have Their Own Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Should Animals Have Their Own Rights - Essay Example The author of the reprot talks about Alan Holland’s review of animal rights which depicts depth and richness, making it a helpful tool in solving disputes and practical problems. This report can be viewed as one side of a discourse with Holland, focusing on the main themes in this area of study. The report will start by characterizing speciesism, including a claim that many individuals are in support of rejecting it, irrespective of the fact that they never fail to sanction what is apparently the obvious effects of rejecting the issue. This paper will relate this failure to the historical views over the interrelations between humans, nature and other animals, which is still depicting wide disparities. This report holds that, while a thorough anti-speciesism values the maxim that ‘humans are an aspect of the natural world’, these dodges will not be present. The paper will reach a conclusion, through a discussion of the consistency of anti-speciesist’s resolu tion of the rewilding nature. The points explained through the paper include that under the issue of predation and eating meat, a guardian farmer of a domesticated animal holds the right to slaughter it for meat or trade it for money and the goodness of humans as compared to the cruelty of the wild, bestows extra rights on the human than the animal. Thirdly, when using the case of rewilding nature, man holds more rights to animals due to the services they offer to the natural world and animals (Signal and Taylor 147-157). Under speciesism and the view on the rights of animals, many people in today’s world will regard that animals hold rights. This is evident from popular parlance, informal polls and recent legislation. In jurisdictions like California, Colorado, Boulder and Berkeley, people are not viewed as the owners of pets, but instead, they are viewed as the guardians to their animal companions (AMVA). During the mid 1990s, the NORC (National Opinion Research Center) at the University of Chicago questioned a sample representing the American population, whether they were in agreement with this statement: â€Å"animals should hold the moral rights that humans have†. From the surveys, 35% of the respondent in one survey and 39% in the second were in agreement or strongly in agreement with the statement (Regan 205-211). The results from the survey could understate the universal sentiments held about animals, because not all anti-vivisectionists and vegetarians hold that animals posses rights. Further, it is not that all the people that regard animals have rights, view that they hold as much rights as human beings. For example, it is a fact that humans and all species of animals posses similar moral rights. For instance, humans hold the right to engage in their religious practices, and eagles hold the right to fly in the sky, but humans do not hold the right to flight, and neither do eagles hold rights to religious practices. The comparison shows that in the case that a given entity hold certain rights, the rights are linked to the capacity of the given entity. For example, only the creatures that can engage in religious practices hold the rights to practice religion, and only the creatures that can fly hold the right to flight. However, it is not that all capacities are linked to a given area of rights, for example, considering that humans hold the capacity to murder, but they do not hold the r